The King agreed to dispatch the fleet, though the ease with which Caesar secured the fleet led some to believe that it was in return for sexual favors. When the Romans laid siege to Mytilene, on the island of Lesbos, he was dispatched to Bithynia, on the southern coast of the Black Sea, to persuade King Nicomedes IV Philopator to make his fleet available to Marcus Minucius Thermus in the Aegean Sea. Sustained with me for in this one Caesar, you will find many a Marius.”ĭespite Sulla’s pardon, Caesar did not remain in Rome and left for military service in Asia and Cilicia. According to Suetonius, the dictator in relenting onĬaesar’s proscription said, “He whose life you so much desire will oneĭay be the overthrow of the part of nobles, whose cause you have Prophetic moment, Sulla was said to comment on the dangers of lettingĬaesar live. Pardoned Caesar and his family and allowed him to return to Rome. Now dictator, Sulla ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia in 82 B.C.E.,īut Caesar refused and prudently fled Rome to hide. Program of proscriptions, Caesar, not yet 20 years old, was in a bad When Sulla emerged as the winner of this civil war and began his His father had left Caesar much of their property and wealth in their To make matters worse, in the year 85 B.C.E., justĪfter Caesar turned 15, his father became ill and died. Of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Marius’s greatest supporter and Sulla’sĮnemy. Marius’s nephew, he was also married to Cornelia, the youngest daughter To the Populares through family connections. A string of disputes between these two factions led to civil warĪnd eventually opened the way to Sulla’s dictatorship. Which included Lucius Cornelius Sulla and worked to maintain the status Politicians were generally divided into two factions: The Populares, which included Marius and were in favor of radical reforms and the Optimates, Towards the end of Marius’ life in 86 B.C.E., internal As he gained political influence, Caesar’s family gained wealth. Marius became one of the richest men in Rome at the time. His paternal aunt, also known as Julia, married Gaius Marius, a talented general and reformer of the Roman army. His elder sister, Julia, was grandmother to Caesar Augustus. He was the namesake of his father (a praetor who died in 85 B.C.E., and his mother was Aurelia Cotta. No member of his family had achieved any outstanding prominence in recent times, though in Caesar’s father’s generation there was a period of great prosperity. Caesar was raised in a modest apartment building (insula) in the Subura, a lower-class neighborhood of Rome.īust of the Roman general Gaius Marius / Glyptothek, Munick, Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro, Wikimedia CommonsĪlthough of impeccable aristocratic patrician stock, the Julii Caesares were not rich by the standards of the Roman nobility. This legend is more likely a modern invention, as the origin of the Caesarian section is in the Latin word for “cut,” caedo, -ere, caesus sum. Julius Caesar was born in Rome, into a patrician family ( gens Julia), which supposedly traced its ancestry to Iulus, the son of the Trojan prince Aeneas (who according to myth was the son of Venus).Īccording to legend, Caesar was born by Caesarean section and is the procedure’s namesake, though this seems unlikely because at the time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar’s mother lived long after he was born. Other information can be gleaned from other contemporary sources, such as the letters and speeches of Caesar’s political rival Cicero, the poetry of Catullus, and the writings of the historian Sallust.
Precedent, and the formal founding of the Roman Empire.Ĭaesar’s military campaigns are known in detail from his own written Commentaries (Commentarii), and many details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio, and Strabo. Sparked a new civil war in Rome, leading to the ascension of CaesarĪugustus, further consolidation of political power based on recent This dramaticĪssassination on the Ides of March (March 15) in 44 B.C.E. To murder the great dictator and restore the Republic. Ironically, this forced the hand of aįriend of Caesar, Marcus Junius Brutus, who then conspired with others Marriage and the institution of the family, reduced the national debt,Īnd showed genuine concern for the welfare of ordinary Romans.Ĭaesar was proclaimed dictator for life, and he heavily centralized He extended RomanĬitizenship to all within the Empire, introduced measures that protected
Roman world, and after assuming control of the government beganĮxtensive reforms of Roman society and government. Bust of Julius Caesar / Wikimedia CommonsĬaesar fought in a civil war that left him undisputed master of the
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